Get inside, stay inside and stay tuned—that's what the New York City Emergency Management team asked citizens to do last July in case of a thermonuclear attack. “All right? You got this,” assured the upbeat announcer in a video clip.
The reaction was swift and scathing. “The reality is, if this comes to pass, you don't ‘got this,'” tweeted the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. “In the hours and days to follow there will be no way to respond.” Yet the return of such public service announcements points to an unsettling reality: nuclear war is once again possible.
In 1995, after the Soviet Union had dissolved and fear of a nuclear exchange had receded, world powers indefinitely renewed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), a 1970 agreement to prevent new states from obtaining nuclear weapons and to induce those that already had them to disarm. A year later the U.S. signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), intended to prohibit “any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion” anywhere in the world. These treaties did not stop U.S. efforts to ensure the readiness of its nuclear arsenal, however. Under the Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program, created in the wake of the CTBT, the nation spends $15 billion a year to research and test nuclear material, some of it at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California.
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Construction on this massive fusion research facility, the size of a sports stadium, began in 1997 and took more than a decade to complete. The NIF possesses 192 laser beam lines, each more than 100 meters long. The lasers are aimed in pulses of 20 billionths of a second and 500 trillion watts—roughly 1,000 times U.S. power usage at any given instant—at minute samples of deuterium and other substances. Compressed by pressures of more than 100 billion times Earth's atmosphere, the target implodes, generating a fusion reaction with temperatures more than seven times hotter than the center of the sun.
These and other experiments provide information on materials science and fusion energy. Most important, however, the data they yield, along with information from nuclear tests conducted before the ban, are fed into sophisticated simulations that conduct virtual thermonuclear explosions in a supercomputer.
Laser array of 96 beams, each more than 100 meters long, is matched by an identical array (not shown) on the other side of the target. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
NIF researchers say such experiments are necessary to understand how the U.S.'s more than 5,000 nuclear warheads, most of which were produced in the 1980s, will behave in the event of a thermonuclear exchange. “The ultimate goal is to never use these things,” says Mark Christopher Herrmann, program director for Weapon Physics and Design at Lawrence Livermore. “But we want to assure our allies that we've got their backs and make sure our adversaries know that if they ever need to be used, they will work as intended and have devastating consequences.” Detractors question, however, the need to spend billions of dollars on such a program. Tests have shown that existing atomic bombs should remain viable for at least the next 70 years, with some weapons lasting closer to 100 years without significant degradation.
Photographer Alastair Philip Wiper is documenting the diverse applications of nuclear physics and exploring the ways in which people experience the loaded word “nuclear.” He has photographed the Large Hadron Collider at CERN near Geneva, the ITER and JET fusion reactors, and medical and other facilities that involve nuclear reactions. This is his first documentation of a reactor that conducts nuclear weapons research.
Pulses of high-powered lasers originate in the master oscillator room (left). An oscillator generates low-energy laser pulses, which are modulated and amplified by 48 independent systems. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
Inside the laser bay, high-voltage instruments control the propagation of the laser beams through the amplifiers. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
Optical switching technology enables the laser beams to be sent back and forth through the amplifiers to efficiently increase their power. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
Near the target, each of 48 optical assemblies checks the lasers for quality, alters their frequency and focuses them into the target chamber. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
Exterior of the target chamber, shown from within the target bay. Clean environments are essential for handling the optical instruments. Credit: Alastair Philip Wiper
Editor’s Note (12/2/22): This article was edited after posting to correct the descriptions of the substances used to generate a fusion reaction at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The text had previously been amended on September 19 to correct the description of the portion of the $15 billion the U.S. spends each year to research and test nuclear material that goes to the NIF. And Mark Christopher Herrmann’s position at Lawrence Livermore was updated on September 6.