Math Puzzle: What Went Wrong?

Jovan claims that 4 = 5.

He tries to prove his obviously false claim that 4 = 5 in the following line of thought:

A chain of equations. First, 5x divided by 4 equals y. Multiply by 4 to get 5x equals 4y. Replace 5 and 4 with equivalent expressions to get (25 minus 20)x equals (20 minus 16)y. Multiply out each side to get 25x minus 20x = 20y minus 16y. Add 20x to get 25x equals 20x plus 20y minus 16y. Subtract 20y to get 25x minus 20y equals 20x minus 16y. Factor out (5x minus 4y) to get 5(5x minus 4y) equals 4(5x minus 4y). Divide by (5x minus  4y) to get 5 equals 4.

Where is the error?

The mistake lies in the penultimate line of the train of thought. In this row, Jovan divides both sides by (5x – 4y):

Divide by (5x minus 4y) to get 5 equals 4.

The second line of his calculations correctly states that 5x = 4y. This is equivalent to the equation 5x – 4y = 0, so Jovan is effectively dividing both sides by 0, which is, of course, not allowed.

The proof that 4 = 5 is thus exposed as false.

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This puzzle originally appeared in Spektrum der Wissenschaft and was reproduced with permission.

Hans-Karl Eder is a German mathematician, educator and author who also works as a MINT ambassador to get young people interested in mathematics, computer science, natural sciences and technology.

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